Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay Example Archeology, through  cultural-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents various theories that aim for the â€Å"recovery, restoration† and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning about the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the living or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they belong to, are performed by the living for the dead; therefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which seem to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeologic al theory, which have led to the discovery and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their own unique orientation and goals that further help in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological approach developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to various beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called â€Å"New Archeology,† or processual archeology, and its focus was to make studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical analysis such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to archeological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was known as post-processual archeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a perfect approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathe rs. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. Culture is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

Paper and Dumas Book Essay Example for Free

Paper and Dumas Book Essay What does Dumas’ decision to take an American name suggest about her feelings toward her adopted country? How does her dual identity enable her to see how Americans really feel about Iran? Dumas’ husband, Franà §ois, experiences life as an American immigrant much differently than does Dumas. What do you think accounts for Americans’ biases in their attitudes toward immigrants from different countries? To what extent are these biases grounded in stereotypes about the immigrants’ native countries? Evaluation: You will be graded on: Organization- Does the paper have an introduction, body, and conclusion? Does the paper have a central argument (thesis) that appears in the introduction and conclusion? Grammar, punctuation, and style- For example, does the writer use the past tense consistently? See â€Å"additional considerations† below. Use of the text- Does the paper successfully incorporate specific examples from the book? Do the examples support the paper’s thesis? Since this is still a relatively short paper, avoid long block quotes. Be succinct. In addition, avoid long summaries of the book. Your paper should be built around examples that support your thesis. You must, however, cite the books to support your claims. In each instance that you draw specific information from the book, you should insert the page number from which the idea or quote originated at the end of the sentence. Plagiarism: See description on syllabus Format: All papers should be double spaced and written in Times New Roman 12 Late Papers: Papers are due in class on the given due date. Computer related problems are not an excuse. Be prepared for a hard drive/ printer disaster. Back up your work often. Papers turned in after class on the due date (unexcused) will be docked 5 points (out of 100). Papers will be docked 3 points for every day they are late with the weekend counting as 1 day. Additional considerations: 1. Use the past tense consistently when discussing historical events. 2. Do not use first or second person in your paper. In other words, don’t use the pronouns: I, me, my, you, your, our, ours, us, etc. So, instead of: â€Å"I think Dumas considered herself to be†¦.† Just write, â€Å"Dumas considered herself to be†¦.† 3. Proof-read carefully. Even if your paper has no misspellings, that does not satisfy your need to proofread. Spell checker will occasionally correct your spelling, but insert a different word than you intended. 4. Do not use contractions. (didn’t should be did not, etc). 5. Your paper should adopt a more formal, authoritative tone. Do not use slang, clichà ©s, or profanity. 6. Use active, not passive voice. 7. Staple the paper 8. Do not use outside sources except lectures from this course (internet, other books etc.).

Managing and leading People

Managing and leading People INTRODUCTION Leader can simply be defined as; Leaders go first. They set an example and build commitment through simple, daily acts that create progress and momentum. Leaders model the way through personal example and dedicated execution JAMES KOUZES BARRY PONSER So, leader in any prospective define his/her first moment of truth that what is he/she doing and its a truth or not? Leadership is a natural phenomena and it by birth ability which will be define in the discussion paragraph. Leadership, especially, is very much about doing what is correct for the situation and the people involved in it. Causal such elasticity and separation of response, however, must be a steadiness of values and ground rules, if the leaders professional creditability is to remain the crucial source of authority. Creditability, in turn, in the role of a leader, goes beyond professional reliability and competence. In this assignment, our topic is to examine how the domains of wellbeing can become the cultural norm within an organization and the extent to which transformational leadership is the driver for the embedding of the domains of wellbeing. Therefore I need to consider issues associated with trust, emotional intelligence, the psychological contract, the emotional connection between leaders and employees. The main aspect of this question is how transformational leadership can facilitate and or drive emotional and psychological wellbeing which could in turn improve performance (through high performance working). Reviewed experiences, over many years, in various leadership roles and in a variety of very different pitches, definitely confirms that the interaction of nature and nature is the obvious core element in the development of personality and, as a result, leadership style. But it is also very much a matter of what we do with the hand of cards that we have been dealt and what we, as individuals, make of ourselves, by frequently learning from our experience and the resultant self-development and professional renewal, for which we are each personally and ultimately accountable. We frequently came across in fact ordinary managers doing pretty extraordinary things as leaders and producing outstanding results with their teams, but we also repeatedly saw so many instances of where acceptable performance could quite easily have been raised to outstanding levels, but for the want of intelligent, daring and fully occupied close-quarter leadership. The aim of this assignment is to focus on the capability bunches that our work suggests are crucial in the world of business and to offer ways in which such understanding and do-how might be further developed. The competencies, critical though they are, need to be exercised for most favourable impact with in an organization, as the outcomes of a shared leadership attitude, determined by at least five fundamental activities. 1. Personal steadiness, discipline and truthfulness 2. Narrow-mindedness of patchiness 3. A concern to build mutual trust 4. Focussed passion for the business 5. appreciation of the critical importance of emotional brainpower, in leadership. (Michael Williams (2005) leadership for leaders) So, we will clearly discus about transformational leadership and some relations which are between leader and employee, discuss in detail below and what strengths must be in a leader due to which he can easily promote his work and above Michael explained about fundamental which we will discuss in depth as well. THE ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE EMBEDDING OF EMPLOYEE WELLBEING AS A CORE VALUE WITH IN AN ORGANIZATION There are three different types of talents in which we can categories different diversities and hundred of peoples roles which can be identify in these categories; Striving Talent: In this type we can reflect an individuals talent of motivation, and constrain, including among others. We can say that in this strength a need creates in human to get, to win, to outshine, or to be busy in to provide services to others. Thinking Talent: This second category of talent in which we see that how people think or how they appraise the options open for another peoples! Or how that type of people create verdicts and either their thinking is prearranged and regimented for the people, or weather this type talent people prefer the pleasure of making up their mind till the last moment! This type of talented people called thinking talent leader. Relating Talent: this type of category includes understanding, the ability to commence and assemble relationships, high own and interpersonal consciousness and the ability to inspire and manipulate others. These cluster of talents shows an individual personally reflect and they are very much close to their high level of talent. And this type of individuals seeks for the management because these abilities can make a profitable organization under the exclusive work of employees. And many types of category in which these type of individual can survive or grow like; in a technical or functional field, general management field, autonomy or independence field, security or stability field, entrepreneurial or creative field, service or dedication to a cause, purely challenged field, lifestyle accomplishment etc. These are the major fields in which these types of individuals can grow more efficiently then other fields. Talent or Talented people can be define in these ways, Continuously demonstrate outstanding ability he achieve goals out of his range or with in his ground in which he is expert / experienced. In priority a leader has its a way by his physical actions and this ability is the main strength should be in his/her personality and looks noble because generally we sketch the personality through appearance and physical body activity which a leader shows first look and create the personality in mind. And this characteristic counts Introspection Again and again show high skill in those strongly transferable areas where they are on testing to show or perform or prove their self to be highly motivated or potential. Managerial perception most likely begins with the recognition that there is no one right style of leading and managing. But the new standard manager is mostly acting in the role of transformational leader. But according to the center of creative leadership that those companies which use up capital for the development of the leaders actually they wants to improve their bottom-lined financial performances, magnetize and retain their talent, constrain a performance culture and want to increase their organizational agility. Todays market is competitive and volatile. To be successful, our business needs to be dynamic and ahead of our competitors. In order to accomplish this we need strong leaders within every business unit driving innovation and efficiency. Having leaders with focus, motivation, and the ability to drive change throughout our workplace will allow us to accomplish our goals. -Molly McKenna, director, GSI education training, Thomson Reuters. Explanation of the above mention article is; in this era the market is very much broad in a sense that there are many types of same professionals are available in the market but to make a successful business we should invest on that leader or manager which has an extra capabilities which understand the market scenario and has a capability to make more profitable business through the skills which we have discussed before in this assignment and make their employees more potential with the understanding with trust, the emotional pact, poignant understanding, etc. Leaders have got to have the teamwork of their followers. That type of leaders which use force, fear and manipulate or underestimate to others they basically not a leader and they can never do a smart work and cant grow the business. I will give you the example of a good leader like US President Barrack Obama could not have been elected if the voters do not share his belief in the necessity of change in American politics. So, I realize that he is a good example that how to treat others and like that for good leader that how to treat or understand his employees. Another example from the history; that Abraham Lincoln could not have pursued the civil war if enough followers did not share his goals of preserving the union and ending slavery. So, I think that leadership is nothing more than motivating his employers. It means that leaders must have the skill but first he should understand employees mentality that at what stage you have to choose to deliver your concept or theory. He is I think like a teacher which teaches his student but before teaching first he understand that what the students caliber and how I have to deliver my lecture or how I have to maintain. Something should be come naturally in leaders personality like a pleasant attitude with his/her clients this is a major thing which attracts the customers or followers or employees. And another popular training or teaching methods for leader should be; Apprenticeships Famous speakers Formal education How to manuals Internet guides Job shadowing Off-side conferences On-site workshops Seminars Dont try to teach too many new procedures at once. Training should be an ongoing process. You probably didnt learn your job in a day. Make sure you show patience and a willingness to answer questions. Be realistic in your expectations. (Ferguson-third edition in Career skills library-LEADERSHIP SKILLS) All the above mentioned aspects make through only through the culture which is a very important part because business ideas or perceptions comes and go but only one concept which always seems to have come to stay and that is only Culture and organizational culture which makes or develop by the leader and in many of the companies generates by their CEOs and the fundamental issue is how to preserve and cultivate and make sure the well-being and success of the team. But some indicators which can make a possible grow in the field or in organization which creates a good culture like; Professionalism Seriousness Values Respect Pride Self regulation (Cranwell-ward, bacon, Mackie (2002) Inspiring Leadership) So, these tactics creates good environment in the organization. 1st tactic is the most important because all circumstances (well dressed, appereance,attribute,companys prospectives or rules and regulations) are a part but leader have to keep up in his/her mind and the second tactic, which must be regarding to your target or goal which you have to perform in any circumstance or in any crucial environment and third one tactic relates to your personal perception which you have to categorized accordingly in a part of your mind which standards or principles should be appropriate, fourth tactic is about high opinion, admiration and about the best opinion which leader should always be in a mind and always before start of any task job or goal and the fifth tactic means to maintain your and your co-workers self-importance. Give work Satisfaction with delight and pleasure because satisfaction is the most important part and the last tactic of leaders for creating a good culture is to up to date your personal rules, directives and use the leaderships parameter at any task or target. A leader has an ability to coach of those who work with him/her. He/she will find that they will work better and will respond you as compare to before coaching. As in the honorable world, coaching is a good way for helping people to improve their talent and achieve their goal with full potential. Successful coaching by leader gives many more benefits, its not the financial result which you invested in your training or coaching but also the productivity increases after this coaching, and ability of consideration decisions rises and as well the motivation or inspiration be increase. And when leader time to time give training or coach to his/her employees, leader be aware of his/her employees nature and it makes easy to communicate more sincerely and more easily. You will get more efficient feedback and proactive listening skill and clear-cut language all contribute to coachees stock of relationship construction tools which, when focused on the business, can increase inspiration to create and improvement and add genuine bottom line value. (A C Black. London (2008) Lead Others Effectively-steps to success) In all over the world any coaching dialogue, leaders will always need to show admirable listening expertise. As mentioned above that through the active listening you can easily understand your employees and you can target and make your more profitable business through the employees understanding, can create your blind trust, touching intelligence, well the major part is the emotional agreement, as well you create diversification (means; Many types of culture compile in one culture through the brilliant understanding and make a relax able environment for all) and make or shape them in one group or team and then you can masterly convey your massage or to coach them and can do straight talk in a reliable and consistent pattern and can get a maximum profit and increase revenue it day by day. It has been realized through efficient decision making inventive problem solving from a leader that decision making Leadership is purely a core managerial and leadership responsibility. Developing decision is basically to abstract a way of action through his compass of the boundary and to make alternative decision options. The decision makes only one time with the help of required commit resources for the change to add some new. Central to decision-making is the element of choice among alternative course of actions. A decision is therefore a chosen course of action from alternatives (Harrison 1996) Means, a leader should has the capability to perform different types of or many another more choices of performing to do a work or task which through decision given so the decision maker always take that decision which can give you many ways to resolve or to act upon it. So, the course of action should be prominent and understandable and it makes the way if take loss then what will be! Because the market value can be change at any time so, the main objective which have on front side that is cultural value that in which environment and what are the circumstances and how to maintain and grow in the given portfolio and another capabilities add which we have already discussed above then take the decision because these would not only be words but also a complete task or compiled track which has to be used in the many course of actions. A Leader can do a best leadership when mentally and physically leader will be relaxed and will maintain or balance his life. On discussed topic, Angus I. McLeod wrote in his book self-coaching leadership that; When we consider life-balance it is helpful to set up some areas for introspection. Here is a typical list; Friends Rest and holidays Eating out Physical activity Health Wealth Appearance Hobbies Kids Family life Partnership Personal growth Faith activities Contribution to others Environment of home (Angus I. McLeod (2007) Self-Coaching Leadership) So, according to McLeod theory a best transformational leader should follow these instructions in life balancing which are very important and plays a positive role in the life. It shines your strengths gently and makes your leadership activity more attractive. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Leadership is not a situation or a position in an organization but it is a sense of responsibility, the planning and homework are the essence of a good management and the most important due to which you can inspire and make a space in their hearts or lead the peoples is nothing except Respect. If you are not personally attached to your own self so you can not teach or coach others which would be a harmful and worse for you. So, your internal abilities like your skills and expertise makes you the right if you have for the designated role and control your emotions and feelings but understand and utilize them in that way that others inspire from you and give you better response which you wants then they will give you a better response and grow the business which you wants from them. This is called a leadership skill or Style to which you built your good skilled team and develop them and this developing creates team and action called Team Development. You motivate your team and shine their strengths on individual but in a team and make them in passion over a longer life frame. But the leader must to know the balancing of his life and their followers life so that they do work without stress and makes a healthy environment without any conflict between followers and the leader. In this time this is not a practice how you have to perform the task but also the time ask that how quickly has to resolve the matter so the above discussed leadership qualities and their attributes are the most important and the basic thing in all the criteria culture whether in or out side the organization. Anthropologists kluckhohn and Kelly (1945, p.97) have defined Culture as all the historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational, and non rational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behaviour of men. Culture is the man-made part of the environment. And there are so many different concepts about culture from different researchers and philosophers. Culture actually makes from the incorporated model from human knowledge, their behaviors and faith and it only consists of verbal communication, and faith. Encyclopedia Britannica, fifteenth edition, 1991, Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, work of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. Bjorn Bjerke (1999) Business Leadership and Culture So, culture has been defined in many ways. But its much important and play marvelous role in transformational leadership. Culture is an organism of communal symbols and meanings. In short: a good leader is a best transformational leader which can understand employees nature / psychological wellbeing and all the circumstances through his all capabilities and make them a good source for the improving of working. REFERENCES Peter Honey (1999) Improve your people skills-second Edition Alan Hooper John Potter (2001) Intelligent Leadership-creating a person for change Michael Williams (2005) leadership for leaders THOROGOOD Bjorn Bjerke (1999) business leadership and culture Ferguson (2009) Career Skills Library-LEADERSHIP SKILLS-third edition John Adair (2003) The Inspirational Leader Angus McLeod (2007) Coaching Leadership Gillian Watson and Stephanie c.reissner(2010) Developing Skills For Business Leadership A C Black. London(2008)Lead others Effectively-steps to success Cranwell-Ward, Bacon, Mackie (2002) Inspiring Leadership-staying afloat in turbulent times

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: Love and Marriage -- Midsummer Night

Love and Marriage in A Midsummer Night’s Dream  Ã‚      There is something to be said for the passionate love of young people, and Shakespeare said it in Romeo and Juliet. The belief that any action can be excused if one follows one's feelings is a sentimental notion that is not endorsed by Shakespeare. Thus, Theseus' suggestion in 1.1 of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, that Hermia marry a man she does not love rather than "live a barren sister" all her life would seem perfectly sensible to Shakespeare’s contemporaries.    Shakespeare writes for a public who views marriage unsentimentally. At all levels of society, from king to commoner, marriage is entered into for commercial and dynastic reasons. People marry to increase their property and to secure its inheritance. Wise parents, who may dispose of their children in marriage, will of course try to avoid matches which the contracting parties find intolerable, but there are limits to this. On the other hand, children have a duty of obedience. And the husband Egeus proposes for Hermia is by no means unattractive; his chief defect is that he is not Lysander, whom Hermia loves, perhaps intemperately.    The play shows how the ideal relationship is that in which the affections and the reasonable mind are both in harmony. At the start of the play, both Demetrius and Helena are clearly at fault. Demetrius has allowed his love for Helena to abate; she, by fawning on him, is guilty of doting, which exacerbates his dislike. An honourable man would stand by his promise and try to re-discover his love for Helena, and it is this which draws Lysander's taunt that Demetrius is "spotted and inconstant". In time, perhaps, Demetrius might reconsider Helena's merits, but in the brief ti... ...up with mud", for example; we learn of "the farthest steep of India", of Oberon's various favorites.    Against the beautiful lyric and exotic account of the changeling's pregnant mother we have the homely jollity of Puck's pranks on the "fat and bean-fed horse" or "wisest aunt". Oberon gives us many set-piece descriptions: of the "bank whereon the wild thyme blows", of the "fair vestal" whom Cupid's bolt failed to hit, and of Titania's "seeking sweet favours for this hateful fool" (Bottom), among others. Here Shakespeare shows us what can be done "in this kind", lest the failure of Pyramus and Thisbe lead us to the conclusion that the theatre can only depict what can literally be brought on stage. In watching a play filled with references to moonlight, darkness, day-break we do well to recall that it was first performed in open-air theatres in daylight!    A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: Love and Marriage -- Midsummer Night' Love and Marriage in A Midsummer Night’s Dream  Ã‚      There is something to be said for the passionate love of young people, and Shakespeare said it in Romeo and Juliet. The belief that any action can be excused if one follows one's feelings is a sentimental notion that is not endorsed by Shakespeare. Thus, Theseus' suggestion in 1.1 of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, that Hermia marry a man she does not love rather than "live a barren sister" all her life would seem perfectly sensible to Shakespeare’s contemporaries.    Shakespeare writes for a public who views marriage unsentimentally. At all levels of society, from king to commoner, marriage is entered into for commercial and dynastic reasons. People marry to increase their property and to secure its inheritance. Wise parents, who may dispose of their children in marriage, will of course try to avoid matches which the contracting parties find intolerable, but there are limits to this. On the other hand, children have a duty of obedience. And the husband Egeus proposes for Hermia is by no means unattractive; his chief defect is that he is not Lysander, whom Hermia loves, perhaps intemperately.    The play shows how the ideal relationship is that in which the affections and the reasonable mind are both in harmony. At the start of the play, both Demetrius and Helena are clearly at fault. Demetrius has allowed his love for Helena to abate; she, by fawning on him, is guilty of doting, which exacerbates his dislike. An honourable man would stand by his promise and try to re-discover his love for Helena, and it is this which draws Lysander's taunt that Demetrius is "spotted and inconstant". In time, perhaps, Demetrius might reconsider Helena's merits, but in the brief ti... ...up with mud", for example; we learn of "the farthest steep of India", of Oberon's various favorites.    Against the beautiful lyric and exotic account of the changeling's pregnant mother we have the homely jollity of Puck's pranks on the "fat and bean-fed horse" or "wisest aunt". Oberon gives us many set-piece descriptions: of the "bank whereon the wild thyme blows", of the "fair vestal" whom Cupid's bolt failed to hit, and of Titania's "seeking sweet favours for this hateful fool" (Bottom), among others. Here Shakespeare shows us what can be done "in this kind", lest the failure of Pyramus and Thisbe lead us to the conclusion that the theatre can only depict what can literally be brought on stage. In watching a play filled with references to moonlight, darkness, day-break we do well to recall that it was first performed in open-air theatres in daylight!   

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government Hospital and Free Health Care

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Government and Privat Hospital and Free Health Care – Essay Every government provides services for their citizens. One of the key areas governments focus their attention on is public health care. Citizens have the benefit of receiving free health care services whenever they need it. Yet, everything that is provided for free has its drawbacks. There are disadvantages as well as advantages associated with free health care services provided by governments for their citizens. Firstly, with the anticipation of free health services, there is a high likelihood of poor quality of services. According to the Ministry of Health’s Strategic Plan 2011-2015, Fiji has one of the lowest total health expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) when compared to other Pacific Island countries. As a result of a lack of finances, it can be expected that health services and products may not be of high quality. Moreover, cheaper and less effective medication may be given in place of quality and effective drugs. It should not be expected that citizens have the best quality of health services due to the limited budget and expenditure of the ministry. Another disadvantage of free health care is the shortage of doctors and nurses. The Minister of Health (Fiji), Dr Neil Sharma said that doctor shortages were a common occurrence in every part of the world and Fiji was no exception (Malo 2011, p. 5). For instance, at Rakiraki Hospital one doctor looks after over ten thousand people and only three doctors cater for the twenty-nine thousand population of Tavua (Malo 2011, p. 5). From this information it can be seen that the doctor to patient ratio is very low. Thirdly, free health care services leads to overcrowding in hospitals. With the availability of free medical services, citizens have the opportunity to make the most use of the services provided to them and this in turn leads to overcrowding. It is an all too common site to see long queues and frustrated patients at the outpatient section of major hospitals (Fiji Times Online 2008). Many people wait for hours before they are seen as the hospitals are just not large enough to cater for them all. With the large population of Fiji, it is not surprising that overcrowding occurs in hospitals. However, free health care services have many advantages as well. Governments spend a lot of time, money and resources in providing health care services and it is only after carefully examining the benefits that these services are provided. The advantages that will be considered include benefit to all classes of people, the continual improvement of healthcare services and the reduction and control of disease outbreaks. Equally important to consider are the advantages of free health services. Free health services benefit all classes of people especially the poor and needy who cannot afford expensive treatments offered at private hospitals and those citizens who do not have health insurance. In Fiji, the healthcare system is mainly financed through general taxation (Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2011-2015, p. 11). The revenue collected from taxation is based on income levels and the ability of the individual to pay. Consequently, the poor families benefit greatly from this service as they get the most out of it. In addition, another advantage to consider is that the government continually improves its services. Citizens benefit greatly from the improved health services governments provide. According to the Minister of Health, Dr Neil Sharma, the ministry’s foremost objective is to strengthen primary healthcare services in the country. The Permanent Secretary for Health, Dr Salanieta Saketa added that one major target for the ministry is to improve the delivery of primary healthcare services (Ministry of Health Annual Corporate Plan 2011, pp. 3-4). The Fiji government also spends a substantial amount on educating and training health professions (Panda 2003, p. 37). These are only a few of the many ways the government is improving the healthcare system. Finally, free health services help to reduce and control disease outbreaks. Those individuals who are carriers of infectious diseases are treated and cared for. For example, the Ministry of Health has sections dealing with HIV and AIDS, adolescent and reproductive health, oral health and non-communicable diseases to name a few. Information is also provided on these diseases and prevention. These services are very beneficial to the itizens and the nation as a whole as it stops the risk of spreading the illness to the entire population. Free health services are indeed beneficial for the entire population. In conclusion, free health services provided by governments have its disadvantages and advantages. Although there are disadvantages to this service, in some ways, the advantages do outweigh the disadvantages. Governments do recognise the need for poor and needy families’ access to healthcare services and also know that in order to cater for their citizens needs, they must continually improve their health services. Governments also recognise the need to control or if possible eliminate the outbreak of infectious diseases in order to protect the entire population. The government has done a great job in providing the citizens with healthcare services and this can be improved by allocating more finances to the health sector. With these in play, it is safe to say that the free health care services governments provide have great advantages for their citizens.

Group Dynamics Essay Example

Group Dynamics Essay Example Group Dynamics Essay Group Dynamics Essay Group dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes. Relevant to the fields of psychology, sociology, and communication studies, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships. [1] Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Groups may be classified as aggregate, primary, secondary and category groups. Key theorists Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist whose seminal study, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1896) led to the development of group psychology. Sigmund Freuds Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, (1922) based on a critique of Le Bons work, led to further development in theories of group behavior in the latter half of the twentieth century. Kurt Lewin (1943, 1948, 1951) is commonly identified as the founder of the movement to study groups scientifically. He coined the term group dynamics to describe the way groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. William Schutz (1958, 1966) looked at interpersonal relations from the perspective of three dimensions: inclusion, control, and affection. This became the basis for a theory of group behavior that sees groups as resolving issues in each of these stages in order to be able to develop to the next stage. : Conversely, a group may also devolve to an earlier stage if unable to resolve outstanding issues in a particular stage. Wilfred Bion (1961) studied group dynamics from a psychoanalytic perspective, and stated that he was much influenced by Wilfred Trotter for whom he worked at University College Hospital London, as did another key figure in the Psychoanalytic movement, Ernest Jones. Many of Bions findings were reported in his published books, especially Experiences in Groups. The Tavistock Institute has further developed and applied the theory and practices developed by Bion. Bruce Tuckman (1965) proposed the four-stage model called Tuckmans Stages for a group. Tuckmans model states that the ideal group decision-making process should occur in four stages: Forming (pretending to get on or get along with others); Storming (letting down the politeness barrier and trying to get down to the issues even if tempers flare up ); Norming (getting used to each other and developing trust and productivity); Performing (working in a group to a common goal on a highly efficient and cooperative basis). Tuckman later added a fifth stage for the dissolution of a group called adjourning. (Adjourning may also be referred to as mourning, i. e. mourning the adjournment of the group). It should be noted that this model refers to the overall pattern of the group, but of course individuals within a group work in different ways. If distrust persists, a group may never even get to the norming stage. M. Scott Peck developed stages for largers of common barriers are: expectations and preconceptions; prejudices; ideology, counterproductive norms, theology and solutions; the need to heal, convert, fix or solve and the need to control. A community is born when its members reach a stage of emptiness or peace. Application Group dynamics form a basis for group therapy, often with therapeutic approaches that are formed of groups such as family therapy and the expressive therapies. Politicians and sales personnel may use their knowledge of the principles of group dynamics to aid their cause. Increasingly, group dynamics are of interest in light of online social interaction and virtual communities made possible by the internet. Software Project Management The agile software development which puts emphasis on people rather than processes has been interested in Group Dynamics. It is then known that some gile practices (Collective Code Ownership and pair programming) must be taken with care because developers in a team-rewarded team will eventually try to match their efforts to the average of what they think their teammates are doing (Lui and Chan). See also Cogs Ladder Collaboration Collaborative method Crowd psychology Facilitator Forming-storming-norming-performing Group-dynamic games Group (sociology) Gr oup conflict Group selection Groupthink Group process Interpersonal relationships Small-group communication Talking circle Counterproductive norms Notes 1. ^ Forsyth, D. R. (2006) Group Dynamics . ^ Peck, M. S. (1987) The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace. p. 95-103. References Bion, W. R. 1961. Experiences in Groups: And Other Papers. Tavistock. Reprinted, 1989 Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04020-5 Forsyth, D. R. 2006. Group Dynamics, 4th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-36822-0 . Freud, Sigmund (1922) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. New York: Liveright Publishing. Homans, G. C. 1974. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, Rev. Ed. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-581417-6 Le Bon, G. (1896) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. London: Ernest Benn Limited. Lewin, K. (1947) Frontiers in group dynamics 1. Human Relations 1, 5-41. - (1948) Resolving Social Conflicts: Selected Papers on Group Dynamics. New York: Harper Row. Lui and Chan (2008) Software Development Rhythms, John Wiley and Sons. Peck, M. S. 1987. The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84858-9 Schutz, W. 1958. FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston. Tuckman, B. 1965. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin, 63, 384-399.

The inclined plane Essay Example

The inclined plane Essay Example The inclined plane Paper The inclined plane Paper If the metal trolley is let free down the inclined plane, its move will be accelerated. Later, as the air resistance and friction force have influence on acceleration, they will change it.  Analysis:  The first part of experiment included preparing an inclined plane. The physics book by Giancoli was laying down on one table, while the other school table was laid on the book. This action is presented on the Drawing 1. The length of the school table is 120 1 cm measured by a ruler. The width of the table is not required. The difference in levels between a table and the highest point of the inclined plane is 6.8 cm . Using a ruler with exactness to millimeters and a chalk, we calculated and determined six distances of the same value 15 cm with the uncertainty of 1 cm. Next we checked if the stopwatch worked properly and checked the trolley. Its size is 191 cm; its mass is not relevant.  The most important part of the experiment included precise measurements. In order to do that, we repeated measurements of distance and time the trolley needed to travel given distance. Each measurement took place 10 times. Six distances measured ten times gave a total amount of sixty measurements. Using 10 measurements we calculate the average time taken to travel given distance. We added all ten measurements of time for each distance and divided by ten. The results can be seen in the Table. Then, the equation V=d/t was used. The velocity was calculated and so was the change of time and the change of velocity. Then all results were recorded in Table 3 Later on, a=?V/?t was used. The acceleration for each time was calculated and recorded in Table 3. Another step was to calculate the uncertainty of the acceleration using the equation: ?a/a= ?v/v+?t/t. The time, the velocity and the acceleration from the Table 3 were used and the results were recorded in Table 3. The uncertainty of the distance is 1 centimeter and is constant; the uncertainty of time is 0.05 second and also is constant. The uncertainty of velocity and acceleration is not constant. After recording all necessary datas, the averages of time, velocity, acceleration and uncertainty were calculated- the measurements of each six distances were added and divided by number of the measurements-six. All measurements were rounded to second decimal place.  The next step to measure the acceleration was constructing the graph showing the distance dependence on time (Graph 1). The best-fit line was drawn, so were the line of maximal slope and the line of minimal slope. Then, the Graph 2 showing the average acceleration dependence on time was constructed. The best fit line was drawn. Last step was creating a Graph 3 representing the relationship between given velocities. velocity In the experiment, the values of air resistance and friction force were neglected, but the air resistance and friction force has influenced the whole experiment.  The constructed graphs prove the hypothesis incorrect. The line touches all error bars, so it means there is a relationship between the linear quantities. The unit of the uncertainty of the distance is expressed in centimeters, the uncertainty of time in seconds and the uncertainty of acceleration in centimeters per second square. The air force and friction has a significant influence on the value of acceleration during the experiment. The conclusions are reasonable. In the experiment there was error due to the lack of precision of the ruler. Its not possible to be precise using the standard ruler measuring with precision to millimeters. Another possible error can be present due to the inability to see and mark the exact point where the identical distances were. Error also came from inability to know exactly when to stop the timer; also the additional seconds-reaction time of the experimentator. Given errors could cause further errors in calculations of accelerations. All errors have reasonable values. The values of the measurements are similar to each other. The number of repetition is proper. The fact that the graph doesnt go through the point (0,0) shows presence of the systematic error. As the exact value of air resistance and friction forces were not regarded, the error could occur. There also could be the error due to the slight change of levels because of soft cover of Giancoli.  As all experiments, this one also involve errors and can be improved. The uncertainty could be reduced, the millimeter paper could be used instead of the ruler, hard cover instead of Giancoli. Considering air resistance and friction force could help with estimating particulars. The usage of more precise timer could also improve our measurements and further analysis. More readings could give better results and therefore improve the whole experiment. The fact that the inclined plane had a low angle could also change the expected results; if the inclined plane were higher, the results would be more precise.  Not including and using in calculations the values of air resistance and friction force has influenced the calculation, and what follows, the results of the experiment. If the values of air resistance, fraction force and other variables were considered and therefore calculated, it would show, that our experiment was done correctly.

A Memorable Day in My Life. Essay Essays

A Memorable Day in My Life. Essay Essays A Memorable Day in My Life. Essay Essay A Memorable Day in My Life. Essay Essay A memorable day in my life Life is full of various events and experiences. But all of these are not equally important, enjoyable and memorable. Some are memorable. I am a student. There are some memorable days and they remain evergreen in my heart. My first day at school is such a day. It was the month of January, 2007. I was then only six years old. My father proposed that I should be admitted into a school in class one the next day. I felt very excited. I could not think of anything else. I was always thinking about the school, the teachers as I watched on the TV. I could not even sleep well that night. The next morning my mother woke me early in the morning. She washed me very well, combed my hair and dressed in new clothes. Then I had breakfast and started for the school with my father. He took me to the nearest NHF Primary School of our locality at 9. 30 am. The school was not very far from our home. So we walk all the way. It took us half an hour to reach the school. When I stepped inside the school compound with my father I was somewhat afraid. I saw many students on the school campus. Some were playing; some were talking to each other. Finding me in a new environment my heart began to beat. At first my father took me to the headmaster’s room and requested him to admit me in class one. At first I felt a bit nervous and shy. But his smiling face and gentle eyes put me at ease. He asked me my name and I answered him. Then he pointed me a letter chart and asked me to say some letters. I could say them all because my mother taught me them at home. Then he became very pleased with me and admitted me in class one. Then he called Ms Fatema, the class teacher of class one to take me to the class. She welcomed me and took me to the class and gave me a seat. All the students in the class were staring at me. I felt a bit nervous once again to see the new faces. But soon I became very easy. The class lasted 35 minutes I had four other periods with a break of 30 minutes. I found that all my teachers were careful, friendly and helpful. At the leisure period all of my classmates started playing in the field. I felt very lonely and was loitering here and there. Then they invited me to join them. I started playing. I felt myself like a free bird flying in the open sky. My school broke up at 12 pm. My mother was at the gate to receive me. I leapt into her arms. She kissed me and caught me at her arms. Thus I finished my first day at school. I left the school at with new experience and cheerful mind. I shall never forget the day as long as I live.

Global accounting standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global accounting standards - Essay Example The increasing importance of a single set of global accounting standards in international market has given rise to the debate.The decision on the part of the European Union to require its all the member states to adapt their local GAAPs with respect to the IAS/IFRS, proved to be a milestone in the journey of IASB towards the FASB. However most of the European countries had already embarked on their convergence towards the international standards for financial reporting. The United States' standards setting body, FASB is consistently working towards the convergence of US GAAP to the international accounting standards in response to international pressures.This essay provides an insightful study on the development of IAS in the Europe and the convergence of FASB with the accounting standards. Moreover it discusses the impact and benefits of having a single set of global standards on the users of financial statements.In response to the financial reporting needs of the increasingly globa lised markets, the European Union passed legislation in the year 2002 that required all its member states to adapt their financial statements with respect to the IAS and IFRS. Ruder (2005, p555) says that, "the European Union's 2002 decision to adopt IFRSs for all of its listed companies was a significant stride toward convergence". This stance on the part of the European Union encouraged countries like Germany, Italy and France to accelerate their process of integration with international standards ... However significant changes only became evident after the EU regulation of convergence to IFRS (Delvailleet al., 2005). The Finnish standards started to converge with the IAS in the year 1993. The accounting standards of countries like UK, Netherlands, and Ireland are the most compatible with IAS as compared to other European countries (Haller, 2002). In Germany, on the other hand, the convergence to international accounting standards had taken place well before the EU regulation. Germany took such initiative in response to the international pressures concerning the presentation of company accounts. The German companies were required to present and report their financial accounts in accordance with either the IFRS or the US GAAP, thus the country adopted an accelerated approach towards adoption of international accounting standards. In the year 2004, the government also passed an Act that implemented the EU regulation to use the IFRS for the purpose of financial reporting for the year ended 2005. Hence, in all these European countries, the governments realised the importance of international standards and the irrelevance of their local GAAP with regard to international markets in the year 1998 (Delvailleet al., 2005). Whittington (2005) elaborates that the international accounting standards have developed considerably over the time. The IASB, ever since its creation, has been amending and revising the previous accounting standards so as to re-assure their applicability. The pre-eminent examples of this amendment are the IAS 32 and 39 that had been originally adopted by the IASB from the IASC. There were several difficulties in both the standards that made it

E-government users identification Research Proposal

E-government users identification - Research Proposal Example Therefore all organizations strive to develop a comprehensive information system that would promote and accelerate the organizational aims and objectives in a manner that would help it to achieve higher level of efficiency and organizational growth which would offset a competitive advantage over their rivals. The e-governance based on information system with its wide variety of database, comprising of canonical and non canonical types of information, is not only complex by nature but also highly sensitive for its confidentiality. Thus, security of user identification and login become vital ingredients of an effective e-government. The proposal would help identify and evaluate the various elements of e-security and measures that would help protect the risks of breach of information in the e-government of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is prominent country of the South East Asia with Islamic culture. It is a vast land of arid desert and hot climate. In the last 30 years, it has undergone tremendous transformation in almost all areas of public concern vis-Ã  -vis health, education, transport, environment and infrastructure development (Saudi Arabia, 2006) Network of roads, application of technology for improving public health and local economy have been the key areas of development. It has state of the art hospitals, education centers, universities and tourists attractions and recreational facilities. The oil and gas mining has been the major source of wealth creation that has been well utilized to improve the socio-economic status of 22.6 million population. The e-governance, would therefore, greatly facilitate transparency and improve and improvise the management of government departments for optimal outcome. In the last three decades, Saudi Arabia has seen tremendous changes in its socio-economic development processes. The oil mining has greatly improved

Business descision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business descision making - Essay Example To begin with, the report will look at the background to the study and the hypotheses which will discus the project plan and implementation strategies. Then a review of relevant literature will be discussed followed by the choice of methodology that was used. This will be followed detailed findings and analysis section in which the results are analysed and presented. Finally there will be a last section on the conclusions derived from the analysis and recommendations. RH car are have noted that its customer base is declining due to low levels of customer satisfaction. A brain storming meeting thought that the best way to iprove customer satisfaction is to have as many cars as possible that match prospective customer requirements. They thought that if many customers as possible find their near-match car at RH there would be good sales and a number of positive referrals. This business report is as a result of a research to find out what the customer requirements are. Primary and secondary data were collected to determine these objectives. The primary data collection was done by gathering data from a random sample of 150 people from UK by way of a set of questionnaires that primarily asked the factors that most clients would consider when looking for a car. The data was then analyzed and presented in form charts and graph in the findings and analysis section of this report. Secondary data collection was done by analyzing the accounting record and customer records of RH cars and other car companies’ websites and these form part of the literature review of this research. Moreover, this research also looked at aspects of management information systems and appropriate information processing and management tools that can be employed for effective management at operational, tactical and strategic levels of an organization. To augment these tools, financial

The Charge of the Light Brigade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Charge of the Light Brigade - Essay Example The film was produced by Samuel Bischoff with the association of Hal. B. Wallis as the executive producer. This film did quiet well in the terms of revenue but could only manage to grab the Academy Awards for Best Assistant Director though was also nominated for the Academy Awards for sound and Best Background Score. The Charge of the Light Brigade screened in 1968 is basically a British War Film directed by Tony Richardson under the banner of Wood Fall Film and was produced by Neil Hartley. It was distributed by United Artists and the screenplay was written by Charles Wood and. The film was nominated for six BAFTA film awards but failed to win any of them. One of the unique features of the film was the use of animations by Richard Williams based on the contemporary graphic style of Punch Magazine. The animations were used to portray the political events surrounding the battle. The Charge of the Light Brigade produced in 1936 casted Errol Flynn as Major Geoffrey Vicker, Olivia de Havilland as Elsa Campbell, Patrick Knowles as Captain Perry Vickers, C. Henry Gordon as Surat Khan, David Niven as Captain James Randall. Nigel Bruce and Spring Byington played the role of Sir Benjamin Warrenton and Lady Warrenton, respectively. The other important casts were Donald Crisp as Colonel Campbell, Henry Stephenson as Sir Charles Masefield, G.P. Huntley as Major Jowett, E.E. Clive as Sir Humphrey Harcourt, Robert Barrat as Count Volonoff and J.Carrol Naish as Singh. The plot of the 1936 film, The Charge of the Light Brigade opens up at the fictional city of Chukoti in India. This is the place where the two officers of the army under the British Raj are stationed with the 27th Lancers of the British Army. It was in the year of 1854; the two Majors stationed at the city named Geoffrey Vicker and his brother Captain Perry Vicker are in love with the

Business descision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business descision making - Essay Example To begin with, the report will look at the background to the study and the hypotheses which will discus the project plan and implementation strategies. Then a review of relevant literature will be discussed followed by the choice of methodology that was used. This will be followed detailed findings and analysis section in which the results are analysed and presented. Finally there will be a last section on the conclusions derived from the analysis and recommendations. RH car are have noted that its customer base is declining due to low levels of customer satisfaction. A brain storming meeting thought that the best way to iprove customer satisfaction is to have as many cars as possible that match prospective customer requirements. They thought that if many customers as possible find their near-match car at RH there would be good sales and a number of positive referrals. This business report is as a result of a research to find out what the customer requirements are. Primary and secondary data were collected to determine these objectives. The primary data collection was done by gathering data from a random sample of 150 people from UK by way of a set of questionnaires that primarily asked the factors that most clients would consider when looking for a car. The data was then analyzed and presented in form charts and graph in the findings and analysis section of this report. Secondary data collection was done by analyzing the accounting record and customer records of RH cars and other car companies’ websites and these form part of the literature review of this research. Moreover, this research also looked at aspects of management information systems and appropriate information processing and management tools that can be employed for effective management at operational, tactical and strategic levels of an organization. To augment these tools, financial

How anomalous was the War on Terror in the context of US foreign Essay

How anomalous was the War on Terror in the context of US foreign policy since 1900 - Essay Example In counter attacking terror, most of the innocent human beings get affected in a country where terror groups are suspected to be residing. For a country to act in this manner, a statute modification is established by the legislature. The government in charge mostly proposes the adjustments. The country then looks for the support from the international community especially from the countries that could be experiencing the same nature of threats. The support ensures that the country does not get accused by the United Nations for infringing the rights of people from countries where terror groups are suspected to have a resident. One of the countries that have been on the limelight in formulating an ambiguous law in the fight against terrorism is the United States of America. The United States of America became a major attack target of international terror groups. Before landing in the country, terrorists actively invaded the USA diplomatic centres in many parts of the globe. The embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were attacked in 1998, and dozens of people were killed (Smith, 2008). In the month of September 11th, 2001, the United States of America was fell in the hands of terrorism. The attack of the World Trade Centre became the most historical terrorist activity in the country. The aftermath of the invasion led to hundred of fatalities of the country’s residents. The terrorist activity that is famously recalled as the September 11 occurred during the era of George W. Bush. After the harmful event, Bush administration strategized on the means to revenge the activity. The creation of the National Security Strategy was one of the developments in the constitution amendment that was steered by the president. The strategies that are famously abbreviated as the NSS challenges the foreign policies of the world’s powerful nation (Bush, 2002). Since 1900, the United States foreign policy is based on equality and democracy, as well

The Charge of the Light Brigade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Charge of the Light Brigade - Essay Example The film was produced by Samuel Bischoff with the association of Hal. B. Wallis as the executive producer. This film did quiet well in the terms of revenue but could only manage to grab the Academy Awards for Best Assistant Director though was also nominated for the Academy Awards for sound and Best Background Score. The Charge of the Light Brigade screened in 1968 is basically a British War Film directed by Tony Richardson under the banner of Wood Fall Film and was produced by Neil Hartley. It was distributed by United Artists and the screenplay was written by Charles Wood and. The film was nominated for six BAFTA film awards but failed to win any of them. One of the unique features of the film was the use of animations by Richard Williams based on the contemporary graphic style of Punch Magazine. The animations were used to portray the political events surrounding the battle. The Charge of the Light Brigade produced in 1936 casted Errol Flynn as Major Geoffrey Vicker, Olivia de Havilland as Elsa Campbell, Patrick Knowles as Captain Perry Vickers, C. Henry Gordon as Surat Khan, David Niven as Captain James Randall. Nigel Bruce and Spring Byington played the role of Sir Benjamin Warrenton and Lady Warrenton, respectively. The other important casts were Donald Crisp as Colonel Campbell, Henry Stephenson as Sir Charles Masefield, G.P. Huntley as Major Jowett, E.E. Clive as Sir Humphrey Harcourt, Robert Barrat as Count Volonoff and J.Carrol Naish as Singh. The plot of the 1936 film, The Charge of the Light Brigade opens up at the fictional city of Chukoti in India. This is the place where the two officers of the army under the British Raj are stationed with the 27th Lancers of the British Army. It was in the year of 1854; the two Majors stationed at the city named Geoffrey Vicker and his brother Captain Perry Vicker are in love with the

How anomalous was the War on Terror in the context of US foreign Essay

How anomalous was the War on Terror in the context of US foreign policy since 1900 - Essay Example In counter attacking terror, most of the innocent human beings get affected in a country where terror groups are suspected to be residing. For a country to act in this manner, a statute modification is established by the legislature. The government in charge mostly proposes the adjustments. The country then looks for the support from the international community especially from the countries that could be experiencing the same nature of threats. The support ensures that the country does not get accused by the United Nations for infringing the rights of people from countries where terror groups are suspected to have a resident. One of the countries that have been on the limelight in formulating an ambiguous law in the fight against terrorism is the United States of America. The United States of America became a major attack target of international terror groups. Before landing in the country, terrorists actively invaded the USA diplomatic centres in many parts of the globe. The embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were attacked in 1998, and dozens of people were killed (Smith, 2008). In the month of September 11th, 2001, the United States of America was fell in the hands of terrorism. The attack of the World Trade Centre became the most historical terrorist activity in the country. The aftermath of the invasion led to hundred of fatalities of the country’s residents. The terrorist activity that is famously recalled as the September 11 occurred during the era of George W. Bush. After the harmful event, Bush administration strategized on the means to revenge the activity. The creation of the National Security Strategy was one of the developments in the constitution amendment that was steered by the president. The strategies that are famously abbreviated as the NSS challenges the foreign policies of the world’s powerful nation (Bush, 2002). Since 1900, the United States foreign policy is based on equality and democracy, as well

Setting up a car sales garage Essay Example for Free

Setting up a car sales garage Essay I Have Chosen To Provide A Good Service To My Customers Because I Think This Will Differentiate From The Competition And I Expect To Gain More Customers Through This. I Have Chosen To Increase Sales And Profit As I Will Then Be Able To Input More Money Into The Business And Expand My Stores Into New Areas And Expand My Product Range. Source Of Finance Most Of My Money Will Come From My Partnership And This Money Will Be Used To Pay For Rent Which Will Be Approximately   1500 Per Month. I have Based This On Internet Research Which Identified Medium Sized Outlet In Newcastle Would Cost Around This Amount To Rent. The Money Will Be Used For Refurbishment And Initial Stock And If Any Money Is Needed I Will Ask The Bank For A Small Loan/Overdraft For Up To 5000. If I Take Out A Loan I Expect To Pay 6-7% Interest If I Take It Out Over 5 Years. This Percentage Is Because The Current Interest Rate Set By The Bank Of England Is 5. 5%. If Grants Are Available To Locate In Newcastle Would Apply For One As They Are Available To Certain Areas For Example Rundown Areas. I Have Chosen Not To Get A Mortgage Because It Would Tie Me In For A Period Of Up To 25 Years And Make It Difficult To Relocate To Another Property Or Area Because I Would Have To Sell My Existing Property First. Competitor Scan In This Section I Will Undertake a competitor scan by visiting local competitors or researching the internet. I Will Outline 3 main competitors in the local area. I Will Then Explain their strengths and weaknesses and outline how you will make your business better than theirs. I collected my info from 100 people, this gives me an accurate amount of results and an even sample percentage. I chose 100 people and used their answers and put them in graph. I chose these people with random sampling. This is where I choose people to do it at random when I was giving them out so that everyone has an equal chance of getting chosen. The results are as follows: 1. Sex The Graph above shows that males seem to be more interested in my shop so I will aim my products towards a male population. The graph shows that a majority of people under age 30 were interested in my shop. So I will target this group. 3. Wages The graph shows the majority of people earn   10000 30000. I will aim my products toward these people. As a lot of my accessories I will be selling are expensive it is better to aim the price range to higher earning individuals. 4. Cars The graph shows the four most dominant types of car owned by my target market. As these cars are most popular I will specialise in selling accessories for these models. I am now going to summarise my questions. Most people whom I questioned said that they probably would buy my product. Most people said they would pay between i 300 i 1500 depending on the item. The majority of people would buy their parts from a car hypermarket. Most people said they look for quality and well priced parts when purchasing them, these are also the reasons people said I improve my services to differentiate me from all competitors. Laws Affecting My Business The Race Relations Act, 1976 Makes discrimination on grounds of race illegal in the same way as the Sex Discrimination Act. Again, there is scope for GOQs for example, advertising for an Italian waiter to work in an Italian restaurant. How It Affects My Business Prevents people from racial discrimination at work and prevents colour prejudice such as when applying for a job. The Equal Pay Act of 1970 Sets out that women and men should receive the same pay for doing the same type of work or ranked as being of the same value. How It Affects My Business This prevents men and women being paid different wages for the same job. And means I will have to pay both sexes equally. When recruiting people I must make sure they are getting paid the same as someone else doing the same job. have chosen these companies to supply these parts as they are well known by my target age group and are reasonably priced. The parts will be specifically suited for different makes and models of cars. The main cars I will stock for are the Ford Fiesta, Renault Clio, Vauxhall Corsa and the Ford Focus. I will stock these parts for these cars as my target market identified these as popular choices. I will differentiate myself by offering special discounts to store card holders and allow them to purchase items on credit. I will give each customer free fitting for customers who spend over i 1250 and will give all customers a year long money back guarantee and free servicing if they are store card holders, this differentiates me from my competition because none of them offer this service. I have chosen not to offer credit agreements as a lot of companies have lost a lot of money in recent months through customers being unable to pay the money back. I will try to portray my company as a company that offers good quality named products at very competitive prices. This will in turn create a well respected image for my business which will help me stand out from the competition, this will help attract my target market. I have chosen the name AutoModz as my company name as this relates to the products Im selling and is catchy. Product Life Cycle Introduction During this stage my sales will be low. Heavy promotional spending is needed I will do this by spending a large portion of my money on advertising such as leaflets and paper advertisements. The aim of my promotional strategy is to create awareness of my business. Growth During this stage sales and profits are steadily rising, I will need a lot of advertising to promote the demand. I will attempt to build up customer loyalty before the entry of competitors. I will use persuasive advertising such as special offers and customer guarantees. Maturity During this stage the product will be bought by the majority of my target market also during this stage the rate of sales growth will start to slow down.

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business Essay

The Value Of Assessing Performance Business Essay An appraisal is an assessment of an employees performance, potential, and developmental needs. It is also an opportunity to review the employees quality of work, to reflect on what has been achieved during the period and agree upon the objectives going forward. Appraisals can benefit both employers and employees by improving their job performance, making it easier to identify what they are doing well, what they need to improve upon, and the most suitable action that needs to be taken for the future. I work for Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC); being a governmental authority DMCC is obligated to conduct annual and half yearly appraisal process. The mid-year appraisal helps to review the first six months performance and to highlight on areas that need improvement, thereby giving an employee adequate time to ensure that her/his individual objectives are achieved during the year-end performance review. This formal appraisal process is usually written and includes filling out a performance review form signed by both the line-manager and the employee. An important component of DMCCs performance appraisal process is the setting of SMART goals.   SMART Goals are extensively known and renowned tools in performance management.   Every employee is asked to document a series of goals that are Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-bound. Subsequent to the line managers mutual approval the employee then works towards accomplishing these goals in the year ahead. Besides the two formal bi-annual appraisal sessions, we also conduct informal appraisal and feedback sessions every quarter. These sessions may include feedback that is not always positive. It is always better to encourage the employees to view their appraisal as an opportunity, not a threat to their professional wellbeing. More importantly the line-manager must ensure that the meeting is a two-way conversation, not a lecture. A performance appraisal needs to be honest, even when employees might not always want to hear what their line-manager has to say. The success of the appraisal process depends on the line-managers readiness to complete a productive and objective appraisal and on the employees readiness to respond to constructive suggestions and to work with her/his manager to reach future goals. Motivating the team to improve performance in the workplace There are various factors that influence how employees behave at workplace and it all depends on  the nature of work that she/he does. For instance, it is fair to assume that an employee working within customer services is going  to get influenced  by how the customers behave. Also, the environment at the work place is very influential of how other colleagues behave with each other. If colleagues do not get along with one another at work then they may not perform to the best of their ability and may struggle to meet the objectives that the employer has set. The  relationship  between employees and the employer is also another main factor that affects the behaviour of an employee. It is possible that the employees  are not happy with certain factors or motions at the  work place  and therefore they do not feel passionate about their work. Thus, the line manager must ensure that  her/his team members are happy and re-think what improvements can be made to ensure that all employees are influenced to positively. There is a universal rule that happy employees contribute significantly in having  a successful business.   While it is important to discipline an employee for wrong doing, it is equally important to praise someone for achieving a challenging task. Motivation can be of many different forms. No standard form of motivation works for every person. Each form influences unique behaviour. Since each persons personality differs, so does the type of motivation. I work as a Senior Financial Accountant at Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC). Having completed four years in my current role and six years overall I have seen myself grow and transform into different leadership styles. Currently supervising a team of three junior accountants, I am responsible of ensuring accurate and timely reporting of financial performance monthly. In my job I too have challenges to face when it comes to delivering management reports on time and ensuring that the reports have no material errors or omissions. There have been instances when the system goes down and reports have to be compiled manually, which can take longer time and require late sittings. Motivating juniors to be loyal and deliver despite odds is difficult if not done regularly. Incentive is a  common form of motivation that includes both monetary and nonmonetary rewards. I try and ensure my team is always content and the work load is shared evenly among the team. The weekly team meetings and q uarterly appraisals sessions are useful to gage a better understanding of the team and brainstorm collectively to find solutions to issues. Each one of us has different core competencies and utilizing the strengths of each individual productively is termed effective management. Renowned psychologist Abraham Maslow established the motivation theory which categorizes the five human needs ranging from basic survival like food and shelter to the need for self-actualization. Maslow believed that once one need is satisfied, an individual pursues to attain the next need. When applied to workplace, the theory implies that the line-manager must understand the existing needs level of each employee to ascertain what will motivate her/him. To illustrate, a new hire that has been unemployed for an extended time will motivated mostly by the need for basic survival. Alternatively, an employee focused on career advancement would be more inclined to achieve self-actualization; thus it would be wise to allocate her/him to higher-level tasks. Carrot and Stick is the one of the most traditional motivational theory recognized by philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It splits motivation into two basic elements: incentives and fear. Some employees are motivated by the aspiration to earn higher compensation, a desire to achieve status and power by moving up the ladder, or the need for commendation. But some employees act better out of fear: the fear of losing a job, being reprimanded by their line-manager or the inability to adequately perform a task. In my team, I often use the carrot and stick technique depending on the situation. The need to achieve a higher rating during the performance appraisal review session encourages employees to perform better and the fear of being graded low encourages employees to pull up their socks and improve their productivity. Since the performance rating is directly linked to compensation increments, every employee is motivated by the higher monetary reward carrot. The value of feedback in the workplace Regular feedback is essential to improve efficiency and harmony within the team. In most mediocre companies accumulative feedback is given once during the annual performance appraisal session. Conversely in a productive workplace, effective feedback is given at each opportunity. The line manager must ensure that feedback be given both at an individual level as well as the team level. Feedback should be relevant, sincere, and more importantly positive feedback should outweigh negative feedback. Furthermore the line manager must ensure that she/he build a positive basis which makes any criticism more acceptable and understandable. Giving frequent positive feedback encourages discussion and helps the employee to accept correction or criticisms feedback with a healthy attitude. The line manager should also give feedback that is specific and individualized. Giving lump sum feedback or team feedback is generalized and does not contribute as much to motivate productivity or create positive change. When the feedback applies to specific goal, employee, or objective it is more effective and has more power to impact behaviour. Pages = 3 Words = 1,260

Singapore Essay example -- Singapore Politics, Government

How might the Singapore society differ were it not for these technologies – would the society be more or less heavily regulated? Lee recommends analysing politics and society by addressing how power struggles and relations were played out in the pre-Internet era, namely the maintenance of political control via public support (2005: 74). Foucault defines ‘governmentality’ as the point of contact where the technologies of power interact with the governed. This spurs Lee to postulate that, in order to retain power in the Internet era, 'governments need to be actively involved in shaping the design as well as the societal, cultural and regulatory environment in which the Internet and other new media technologies operate' (2005: 75). One example of how the Singapore government has used technology to instil greater trust, and reinstate wavering public confidence is its online tax-filing system. The e-Filing system has been described as one of most definitive e-government projects, introduced by the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) as a trust-building mechanism (Tan et al., 2005: 2). The e-filing system has been a conspicuous success for e-government. The success of the e-Filing system was unprecedented in terms of compliance, and succeeded in reversing negative public opinion at a phenomenal rate (Tan et al., 2005: 2). Srivastava and Teo explored how the Singapore government utilised their ‘citizen trust on the technology’ initiatives to promote and maintain ‘trust for e-Government’ (2005: 721). According to them, this was largely achieved by fostering measures to build institutional trust via transparency and soliciting of feedback from citizens. They attributed the huge success of Singapore’s e-government programmes... ...s, which keep track of the users’ digital footprints and activities. Physical surveillance, in the form of trawling the Internet and hacking computers is technically feasible but fiscally unfeasible. Such measure also compromise privacy and democracy. Conversely, employing legislation to regulate and/or control the Internet has a number of advantages in terms of the ease of execution, the feasibility, and the transparency of the judicial processes (Johal, 2004: 4). However, legislature is purposely vague and the language ambiguous, allowing for flexibility of interpretation in the event of new developments (Endeshaw, 1996: 210). For example, the Internet Code of Practice that states that '(p)rohibited material is material that is objectionable on the grounds of public interest, public morality, public order, public security, national harmony' (in Johal, 2004: 5).

Egyptian Jewerly and Makeup :: essays research papers

Egyptian Jewelry and Makeup   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday in the Egyptian way of life, both men and women would adorn themselves with beautiful jewelry and makeup. Wearing these pieces of jewelry and makeup was part of their everyday life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone, man or woman, Egypt wore more type of jewelry. What kind of jewelry they wore was usually dependent on how wealthy they were. The rich wore fine jewelry made from gold, silver, or electrum inlaid with precious stones. The less wealthy wore jewelry that was made of copper or faience, which is made by heating powdered quartz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ring and amulets were especially worn to ward off evil spirits and/or injury. Cowrie shells were worn to show the desire of the wearer to have children. They also wore jewelry with the god Heh, which means the god of ‘millions of years’, which symbolizes long life. Younger Egyptians wore charms that resembled beards or side locks of hair to symbolize youth and innocence. Perhaps the most interesting fact about jewelry was that many children wore fish amulets to prevent from downing and accidents in the Nile River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jewelry was also a reward to people for outstanding services to the community. The jewelry was hanged out by the king. The king would lean out of windows and drops bracelets or collars to the nobles waiting respectfully below.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The gold that was used to make jewelry in Egyptian times was not scarce like it is in present day. Mines between the Nile River and Red Sea coast yielded large quantities of this precious metal. They also imported precious stones from the Sinai Peninsula and even Afghanistan. The Egyptians, however, had no knowledge of the gemstones and jewels we have today, such as diamonds, emeralds, and rubies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Egyptians were big lovers of all beauty and fashion. They were such lovers of beauty that some of their names were based on the word ‘nefer’, which means beautiful. Examples of such were Nefert, Nefertiti, and Nefertari. The goddess associated with adornment was â€Å"Hathor the Golden†, who is seen as the ideal of beauty in love and poetry of the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Egyptian men and women wore makeup, such as eye paint. For their eye paint and eye shadow they used a mineral called Kohl. Apart from making their eyes look brighter, and larger, Kohl was once believed to have the value as a protection against eye disease. Its blackness also controls the sun’s glare in the desert.

Cooks Brook Research

On September 8th of last week five teens went out to cooks brook for a day of swimming and adventure. Only four teens returned home that night. â€Å"We told him the rocks were two close† Comments Mark McGuire, one of the teens who went out to Cooks Brook that day. They were going out for a day of adventure but that day changed into a time of sadness for the small town of Boulder, Colorado. Tyler Nash 17, died around 4:30 on the eight of September. The five teens headed out to Cooks Brook around 10:00 that morning to have a day of hiking and cliff jumping as many teens in Boulder do on their Saturdays.They started with the lower rocks and soon they moved onto the cliffs, Tyler unlike the rest wanted to jump off the highest cliff he could. His peers advised him of the shelf of rock below. Tyler was already mid- air. â€Å"He never seemed to be afraid of anything, He was always up for adventure. He was the one who was always taking risks†. States Emily Haven a friend of T yler. Police do not believe this was a suicide attempt either as all of the teens participating. Police do believe that alcohol use could have been a factor in the teen’s death.They police and rescue team have still not found the body of Tyler and are now increasing the surface area of their search. The Nash Family has not yet made a statement on their son’s actions but has asked the press to withhold questions, as they need time to deal with their son’s death. The high school Tyler attended is holding a remembrance assembly, at 12:30 in the main gym. All are welcome. ———————– Teen dies cliff jumping at Cooks Brook. Body is not found. Cooks Brook Research On September 8th of last week five teens went out to cooks brook for a day of swimming and adventure. Only four teens returned home that night. â€Å"We told him the rocks were two close† Comments Mark McGuire, one of the teens who went out to Cooks Brook that day. They were going out for a day of adventure but that day changed into a time of sadness for the small town of Boulder, Colorado. Tyler Nash 17, died around 4:30 on the eight of September. The five teens headed out to Cooks Brook around 10:00 that morning to have a day of hiking and cliff jumping as many teens in Boulder do on their Saturdays.They started with the lower rocks and soon they moved onto the cliffs, Tyler unlike the rest wanted to jump off the highest cliff he could. His peers advised him of the shelf of rock below. Tyler was already mid- air. â€Å"He never seemed to be afraid of anything, He was always up for adventure. He was the one who was always taking risks†. States Emily Haven a friend of T yler. Police do not believe this was a suicide attempt either as all of the teens participating. Police do believe that alcohol use could have been a factor in the teen’s death.They police and rescue team have still not found the body of Tyler and are now increasing the surface area of their search. The Nash Family has not yet made a statement on their son’s actions but has asked the press to withhold questions, as they need time to deal with their son’s death. The high school Tyler attended is holding a remembrance assembly, at 12:30 in the main gym. All are welcome. ———————– Teen dies cliff jumping at Cooks Brook. Body is not found.

Apple International Marketing Essay

1. If you would be working for Apple (Ipad or Iphone) what strategies would you pursue in order avoid situation like what is happening today to Nokia Apple Inc. has already had a spectacular break-through in the technological race when it firstly released Iphone in 2007. Since when, there was a revolution in the technology field especially, in the Personal Computer (PC) industry involves: smartphone and tablet computer. If I worked for Apple Inc., in order to retain as well as to enhance the position of Apple in Today’s market, I would apply, deploy and develop the Relationship marketing with â€Å"Differentiation† strategies based on 4P includes: Product-Price-Promotion-Place. Product Firstly, people have to admit the truth that the present success of Apple was built on the brilliant products. Compared to Nokia, Apple already created a key competitive advantage that raises company to a new level. The failure of Nokia was a cost lesson for others mobile phone manufacturer in the world. The main reasons leading Nokia to this moment situation is company already missed a valuable opportunity in smartphone revolution as well as its products. Even though, later on Nokia unveiled smartphone Lumia but it did not satisfy the consumers’ demand and expectation. Nokia product’s designs are not attractive and fashionable as Iphone. In addition, the products are outdated interface, lack of applications and outdated technologies compared to Apple’s products. Consequently, Nokia loose its leading brand value in the mobile phone industry. Meanwhile, Apple realized and took that opportunity then turned it into huge success. Hence, Apple should continue the product differentiation strategy. It mainly focuses on investing more in creating and developing the new and innovative technologies, which are totally different from competitors’. The products should be usually updated and upgraded in both its particular outlook (thinnest, most lightweight, unique, fashionable and outstanding) and functions (convenient, ease-use, support applications and service etc.). This is the only way to make company continue keep its crown as innovator in the intensive technological competition. Price Secondly, despite the Apple is assessed as â€Å"the tech industry’s high-price leader† with Premium price, people are still willing to purchase its products at a particular price. The main point is price set based on the â€Å"product Differentiation strategies†. Therefore, in order to exist and grow in the price war, the company not only retain the same price strategy but also use more the pricing Skimming and Reference strategies: launching a same product line but in different price points depending on the features and drive capacities. It may be better for Apple than using the penetration pricing strategies by suddenly decreasing the price to expand or approach new market. Promotion In order to get the large impact from media and society, one key in the Apple’s marketing is its traditional promotion strategies by creating hype and excitement before the launch of products. Apple is considered as â€Å"Phenomenon† and each marketing communication relating to â€Å"Word of mouth† created huge impact on consumer behavior. Organizing significant campaigns with special slogan to introduce and get emotional response about the new products, which concentrate on the consumer psychology: the curiousness, self-esteem, desire and passion in new technologies Place Finally, expanding and opening new multi-distribution channels with high sales volume (retail store chain and online sales). Simultaneously, more creating the strong relationship with worldwide retail partners. In conclusion, Relationship Marketing based on â€Å"Differentiation strategies† focusing on customer retention and satisfaction, which in order to enhance, increase customer loyalty and sustainable development. Apple Inc. has to understand the market dynamic to keep its track as market driven by inventing the unique and creative product lines as well as innovation technology. 2. On the other hand, if you would be working for a competitor of Apple (Tablet or mobile), what strategies would you adopt in order to compete against Apple Apple (Iphone and Ipad) is considered as the biggest rival in the PC industry of Samsung (Galaxy S), Nokia (Lumia), Google (Nexus), Amazon (Kindle Fire). Even though, Apple has been dominating the PC industry but its target market selection is â€Å"Market specialization†. The weakness of Apple is the limited market share because of the premium price and most Apple content can only run on its selected devices. If we are competitors of Apple, we can use the Apple’s strategies to compete against it. It means we should also apply the â€Å"Differentiation strategies† to provide more perceived value to consumer. Every time, Apple releases new product or any application, we might prepare to create and unveil our amazing different products with adding more value proposition. Take for instances, to accompany with product, we can offer new innovative or free (or low cost charge) applications, software, movies, TV shows, games, e-books, cloudy computing or even more drive capacity etc. Although, we do not have as strong customer loyalty as Apple has, our competitive advantage is offering the same product’s quality with a competitive price which is less than Apple’s but still not too low to confirm our position in the market. In addition, as some Apples’s competitors (eg: Kindle of Amazon) did, they used the bundle pricing strategies combine two or more products and sell these at a reduced price or offer programs: buy once but easy to access content on other devices ipad, iphone, tablets . Then little by little getting the expansion international scale with â€Å"Full market coverage† (different product lines suitable for every customers) through different market entries, distribution channels and marketing communication campaigns. 3. Make a SWOT analysis for Apple (Ipad and Iphone) Apple’s SWOT analysis a. Define what are the biggest threats and opportunities for Apple in the future Threats Nowadays, the high technology industry seems to be in the â€Å"Saturation† but in the future, people still believe there would be remarkable changes. In the future, the most threats that Apple may face is the intensive and high level in technology competition. The threats might be coming from both existing and emerging competitors. The growing in the market share leads to the consequence that there growth in perception and needs/demands of customers. In addition, there are more and more counterfeit and fake products overflowing market that affect directly to the company image and sales. If Apple cannot find the solution, soon company is surpassed by others competitors. Opportunities: Ranking as a top leading innovator brings many open-opportunities for Apple. The biggest opportunity of Apple is changes in technology offer new and innovative products. The company can even get and deploy from the outsourcing for its research and development. Creating the technology revolution and changing desire of information age affecting to most generations. As one of the most famous philosophies of strategic marketing pioneer – Regis McKenna: â€Å"Markets for new innovative products do not exist, they have to be created, and defined†. Therefore, creating and expanding the product/service lines by Apple could help them define its market, raise sales and increase their product portfolio. b. Define what are the biggest strengths and weaknesses of Apple today Strengths In 2012, this is the second time when Apple is ranked the world’s most valuable brand according to â€Å"The 2012 BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands†. It is said that the Apple’s brand success is driven by three elements confidence, competence and customers. Might be the reason why people purchase Apple’s product because they just care about its brand and image. As the David Haigh stated in the annual report on the world’s most valuable global brands: â€Å"Brands are the most valuable assets in business today. They drive demand, motivate staff, secure business partners and reassure financial markets. Leading edge organizations recognize the need to understand brand equity and brand value when making strategic decisions† – David Haigh, CEO, Brand Finance plc. Apple is successful in creating its identity and emotional branding that all most the whole world can recognize. Long term brand building will engage consumers on a variety of touch points that create the high loyalty. Weaknesses Entering the Niche market with the premium price strategies, which can considered as Apple’s weakness. The price wars between competitors will also affect to Apple’s profits. Moreover, the company’s target market selection is â€Å"Market specialization† then it quite limits the market share cause products provided by Apple meet the demand of middle/ upper class and people are interested in innovation technology. Reference Mr. Francois Simon’s lecture and materials http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/nokia-and-strategic-change-the-essential-a2-business-case http://theapplephenomenon.blogspot.fi/ http://www.brandfinance.com/images/upload/bf_g500_2012_web_dp.pdf http://www-sul.stanford.edu/mac/mckenna.html http://www.wpp.com/wpp/press/press/default.htm?guid={92b52c53-fc68-45e0-aaea-34fe6fbd769b} http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=100071977 http://www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/04/03/little-known-secrets-of-apples-pricing-strategy/ http://www.saleschase.com/blog/2012/03/13/the-best-of-apples-marketing-strategies/ http://blog.openviewpartners.com/apples-marketing-strategy-history-repeats-itself/ http://blogs.gartner.com/eric-knipp/2009/09/28/cost-leadership-and-differentiation/ http://www.slideshare.net/kaushiik10/apple-inc-marketin-and-distribution-strategy